Software installieren auf dem EEE - eine Schnellanleitung für Anfänger

Software installieren in der EEE version von Linux (Xandros 4) ist nicht wie Software installieren unter Windows oder Mac OS.

Software wird mit einem eigenen Programm installiert, genannt Synaptic, das das zu installierende Programm direkt online abruft aus dem passendem „Repositorie“ (Server der die passenden Programme bereithält). Es ist im allgemeinen nicht nötig Installationsprogramme oder ähnlich runterzuladen, Syaptic erledigt das für uns vollständig. Programme mit Synaptic installieren ist ein wenig wie Add-Ons für Firefox installieren.

Synaptic liest die passenden Repositories und listet die installierbaren Programme. Wenn eines ausgewählt wird, führt es die komplette installation aus. Ausserdem kümmert es sich um Updates und löschen von nicht mehr benötigten Programmen.

Im „Easy Desktop mode“ (Auslieferungszustand, mit grossen Icons und den Tabss Internet/Arbeiten/Lernen/Spielen/ etc), kann Synaptic über eine Konsole aufgerufen werden:

• Drücke Strg-Alt-t zum Öffnen der Konsole.
• Kommando „sudo synaptic“ eingeben und „enter“ drücken.

In Full Desktop mode, Synaptic ist im Start Menu:

• Applications > System > Synaptic File Manager.

(wohl Anwendungen > system> )

Eine hervorragende und ausführliche Beschreibung (in Englisch) gibt es hier: How linux software installation works.

In der Box in der oberen rechten Ecke des Synaptic Fenster steht die installierbare Software. Am einfachsten ist es Software in den Kataegorien links zu finden.

Um ein Programm runterzuladen und zu installieren:

• rechts-Klick und markieren zur installation.
• „Anwenden“ anklicken.

If any of the messages that come up go off the bottom of the screen, drag the window up by holding down 'Alt' and dragging from anywhere. (note - you can do this for anything on the eee, including this browser window).

When there's a grey box to in front of something in the Synaptic list, it means it's already installed. You can mark it for re-installation, un-installation etc and then apply in the same way.

The above allows you to download any software off Asus's own repository, which contains software specially designed by Asus for the EEE. You'll probably want software not listed there before long.

Even so, you still go through Synaptic and get it off repositories, not off websites.

What you want to do to get more choice is to increase the number of repositories Synaptic is keeping an eye on. Skip down to More about repositories.

…and if you're using Full Desktop Mode, you should now be able to simply:-

• Fire up the Launch menu and find a shortcut to your newly downloaded software nested in an appropriate, logical menu.
• If not, try some inappropriate, illogical menus.

It should be as simple as that, and you should now be able to skip this horrible section and go straight to 'More about repositories'. If it's really not there, skip down to „If it's not an ideal world…“.

If you're in Easy Desktop, you can try adding the Easy Desktop Start Menu, Enable the start menu in eee pc easy mode. It's not essential, you can get at your new software without it, but in an ideal world, using this, things should also be nice and simple.

…and no shortcut has appeared, it won't be that simple. Especially as, in Linux, the files for a piece of software aren't kept in one neat folder somewhere logical like 'program files', but are scattered across a range of folders in a way that makes for a very effective operating system, but a very confused user. One can list the details of a package by viewing the properties in synaptic; this shows all the files installed. Alternatively one can use 'apt-file list' followed by the package name from a terminal window. The interesting bits are typically in /usr/bin.

Here's a number of additional things you can try. Good luck!

(Remember that a lot of Linux software is a little… amateurish… If something is a huge struggle to install and run, that may be a sign that it's badly made and not worth the effort)

• Do a search on the forums on this site. Someone else might have had the same problem.

If not…

• Fire up a console screen (ctrl-alt-t), and type in the name of the software without spaces, or a few logical contractions of it. Then hit enter. (If you're using Full Desktop mode, you can also use 'Run command' off the Launch menu)
• Basically, you're trying to guess the file name of the execute file. I know, it's mad… but you don't have to worry about file extensions or folders or anything, just the name.
• For example, the game Super Tux Kart is „supertuxkart“. Open Office Writer is „oowriter“. Crack Attack is „crack-attack“. Console is „konsole“.
• If you strike lucky, it should run, just like that, no problem. If not, try a few more variants. Don't get too obsessive because some are just unguessable.

Normally this should work. If it does work you'll probably want to create a shortcut to it:-

In full desktop mode, you can create a Launch menu shortcut for it by:

• going into the launch menu and right clicking on the menu you want it to be under, choose 'edit menu'
• Go File>New Item, type any name you like into name, any logical description into Comments (optional), and the command that worked into Command. Then save.

In easy desktop mode if you're not using the Start Menu mod linked to above:

• Sorry… But you've got to either remember the console command and use that, or create a whole new desktop icon the hard way.
• There's some instructions on http://wiki.eeeuser.com/howto:customizeeasymode , near the bottom.

• Open up File Manager, go to All File Systems, then /, then usr
• If it's a game, look in Games. If not, try Share, then Applications.
• If you find the icon, you can either double-click it, or put the name of the file into the console. Either should work.

If it's not there, it could be literally anywhere, and might not have even installed properly… A couple of final things you can try:

• Open Synaptic, find the program in question on the list, go Properties.
• Skim over the Installed Files tab, see if you can spot anything that looks like it might be an execute file (no, really… I know, I know…). It'll probably be under a small number of folders, probably usr/something or usr/share/something, and there'll be no file extension. If anything looks promising, pump its name into the console (don't worry about the folders).
• If not and your sanity is not yet frayed, you can try using 'Find', from the launch menu or, in easy mode, use Tools>Find files/folders in File Manager, and see if anything comes up… A couple of tips:_
• Use wildcards - “ * “, meaning any number of letters. e.g. if you're looking for SuperTuxKart, try *kart, or *tux*.
• Replace whatever is says in „Look in“ with a single / and nothing else. This makes it search everywhere.
• Keep an eye out for Readme or Install files, these may contain instructions on what to do.
• Keep in mind how much you want this software… It may well just not be worth the trouble.

If you still can't find it, ask on the forum, or try re-installing through Synaptic, or give up. Sometimes software just plain doesn't work and there's nothing you can do. If it's this much trouble to install, that suggests it's probably not very well made so it may well be a disappointment anyway. Sorry.

Sometimes, after correctly installing, locating, and attempting to run the software, it doesn't work: running from a menu item or icon on the desktop, nothing seems to happen, even with software installed from the Asus repository.

Running from the terminal window you see a message about a segmentation fault (or „segfault“). Unusually in the Linux world, on the Eee PC, this can often be fixed by simply shutting down the computer, and switching it back on (a „cold reboot“) so if you have this problem, a cold reboot is definitely something you should try before uninstalling the misbehaving program, particularly if you've seen reports of other people successfully running this particular item.

Synaptic keeps a list of the repositories it keeps an eye on. You can add or remove repositories to this list, and it refreshes only when you press the 'reload' button.

The EEE comes set up to monitor one repository, „http://update.eeepc.asus.com/p701/“ (you never need to follow this link yourself, Synaptic does it all).

This is Asus's own repository. Therefore, everything on it is perfectly safe, and designed for the EEE, but it might not have everything you want on it.

If you can't find what you're looking for, you can add repositories to the list and then browse them. Since this is Linux, there's loads of repositories out there. Some are good, some are dubious, many contain incompatible software written for different versions of Linux.

Adding repositories is easy to do, but has to be done right, else there's a danger of Synaptic installing what it thinks is an update to a vital system file, when it's actually intended for a different version of Linux. If this happens, it buggers things up quite badly and is very difficult to repair.

If you want to add more repositories, follow the instructions on Adding Xandros Repositories. This page also all gives the details you need for repositories that EEE users recommend.

The instructions are detailed and somewhat technical, but don't be put off by that. It's basically two simple steps:-

1: „Pinning your system“ - This tells your system when not to download from the new repositories, protecting it from accidentally downloading something incompatible that might damage it. It's as simple as copying and pasting a command, copying and pasting a string of code, then saving and closing. (note - it talks about this near the end of the page, but do it first, it's important)

2: Adding the repositories. Again, you just copy & paste a command, copy & paste the details, then save.

You can also add or remove repositories through Synaptic (Settings > Repositories). Synaptic also lets you uncheck repositories, which stops Synaptic monitoring that repository, but means you don't have to enter the details again next time you want it.

Using extra repositories can cause problems, but if you do the pinning first you should be safe, and if you uncheck the new repositories when finished you're even safer.

Don't forget that any changes you make to repositories won't do anything until you hit 'reload' on the main Synaptic screen.

A helpful feature on the EEE is the disk partition. This keeps the fundamental, vital files of the operating system (everything that was pre-installed when you took it out the box) locked and protected.

If something does go wrong - say you use a dubious repository or don't do the pinning, and are unlucky - you can revert to these factory settings in a matter of minutes without needing the DVD. Basically it wipes everything on the „user“, unlocked side of the partition, which includes all updates and installation stuff, then starts up fresh exactly the same as when you took it out the box. It takes a few minutes at most. Don't forget to back up any saved files first.

If you need to do this:

• Restart the eee, and press F9 while it's starting up
• Choose '3 - Restore factory settings', say yes when it asks if you're sure.

In short: no matter what you do to the eee's software, you can't make things any worse than when you first got it. So keep files backed up if you're experimenting, but don't worry too much!